Claudius

Rating:
Summary: Will the real Claudius please stand up?
Review: Barbara Levick's 'Claudius' is a good resource to use when falling under the Claudian spell of such works as Graves' 'I, Claudius' and 'Claudius the God', or the 'I, Claudius' BBC production. This will help put a proper historical perspective on the man and emperor, Tiberius Claudius Nero Germanicus. Get used to the panoply of names-each noble Roman shares many names with the others in his family, thus making history often confusing.

Among the things Graves' readers might miss (and certainly the television-only set will miss) is that Claudius was married four times, had five children, and was much more less of a dolt in these matters than one would realise.

Levick explores some of the intrigues of the Julii Caesares as well as the Claudii Nerones; she explores the history from all angles. She looks to the politics and the sociological realities of family and court life to explain what ambitions Claudius really had, and what he might actually look forward to accomplishing in his life. 'Seneca's scathing comment on Claudius after his death was that 'nobody thought he had ever been born'. In connection with this a remark of his mother Antonia recorded by Suetonius may be relevant. He claims that Antonia used to speak of her son (she need only have said it once for it to be presented as a leitmotiv!) as 'a monstrosity of a human being, one that Nature began and never finished'. Antonia's hostility to her 'unfinished' youngest child was probably intensified when she almost immediately lost her husband, and, a quarter of a century later, her even more brilliant elder son: now primacy was lost to her family.'

Levick explores Claudius' childhood and education, which continued past the usual age, given his apparent deformities. His tutors attended him well past the usual age of tutelage. She spend a little time also writing of his princeps under Tiberius and Gaius Caligula, which shows he was not universally ignored or despised, and so his accession, though unlikely, was by no means improbable.

C.E. Stevens makes the claim that Claudius was the first Roman Emperor; Augustus put together a bundle of offices and powers, which Tiberius variously held and let lapse; Caligula informed the senate of his accession and took all honours almost instantly, so perhaps Stevens is incorrect in his assessment. However, Claudius helped to formalise this automatic transfer of powers and offices as a right of imperial position, such that all future emperors, upon taking the name Caesar as a title (Claudius took it as a name, the prestigious cognomen of his illustrious ancestor) would also instantly have the array of offices and powers at their disposal.

Levick continues to explore Roman society and body politic under Claudius by segment: social classes (senate, equestrian order, and aristocracy), the legal machinery (with which he was particularly interested in, and made a shift from tradition to that of individual welfare, a novel approach for the day), finance and the economy (including Claudius' ambitious public works projects), and she gives particular attention to Claudius' military campaigns and progresses, especially his triumphant battles in Britain.

Levick concludes with an examination of the legacy of Claudius over the ages. Beginning with Nero's accession speech to the Senate, drafted by Seneca (who hated Claudius) which listed in great number and detail all of Claudius' failings, to the uneven revisions during the later Flavians (who took seriously Claudius' social legislation and deification at the expense of Nero's memory), then later historians, then being dropped from all but a few official functions by the third century. Fifth and sixth century historians such as Orosius and Malalas showed Claudius through the lens of their own agenda, to show God at work in the world through his clemency and care for stricken cities. By the time of George Syncellus in the eighth century, he was portrayed as a bloodthirsty man with some courage (given his battles in Britain, Germany and Thrace).

In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, Claudius' reign has been revised in view once more, by work such as that of Mommsen, Momigliano, and others studying his achievements, proclaiming him as the emperor who was 'the great establisher of norms', and paying particular attention to his organisational ability with regard to civil and military matters.

Claudius, alas, was a usurper, and seen as such all through his reign, and even after (often as a model by which others used the army to seize power). He was never really secure. But he was successful against high odds, and a source of stability in a era which needed such.

Rating:
Summary: Poorly written
Review: I found this book to be poorly written. Levick seems to try to liven up the soporific narrative by inserting modern phrases and words that appear to be out of place. For example; it seems that there were a lot of "hooligans" in ancient Rome. As to the historical facts, they appear to be well researched but I think that their presentation in thematic chapters rather than in linear fashion is due to the narrative shortcomings of the author. Overall I found the book to be a disappointment.

Rating:
Summary: An entertaining exercise in aprioricity
Review: Its a pretty well written book, but Levick seems to even mangle english to establish her view. She keeps calling Claudius a usurper. In fact she calls him THE Usurper. But isnt a usurper someone who takes the throne through force and has no right to it? That is a lot different from the last surviving adult male of the imperial family inheriting it when there isnt a will. The book is very cynical in this and other ways.

Rating:
Summary: A different interpretation of a significant reign.
Review: Ms. Levick's biography of the emperor is to be recommended as an excellent and in-depth study of the limits of any Roman emperor's power. She tends to paint a somewhat untraditional and cynical view of the emperor, even suggesting that he played a part in the assasination of Caligula. In Levick's eyes, Claudius is a politician struggling to retain the very basis of his power, his ultimate failure being his inability to command respect in the eyes of his contemporaries or posterity. Some of her views are certainly matters of interpretation; indeed, it seems that she sometimes misrepresents ancient authors to strengthen her opinion of the Caesar; it should be remembered that Levick's Claudius is not THE Claudius, but a new and somewhat untraditional interpretation of one of history's most enigmatic figures.

Rating:
Summary: An entertaining exercise in aprioricity
Review: While admirably accessible even to the lay reader, Barbara Levick's work has the unfortunate quality of total unrelatedness to fact. It is baffling how she attempts to justify some of the claims she makes here, aside from cryptic comments to the effect that Claudius 'would never have intended' or 'would be out of character' with regard to some putative intention. Perhaps Levick has access to the lost histories of Claudius, but if so, she should surely do them justice in her bibliography.