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Summary: A riveting panorama of the last great democracy's decline
Review: The Roman republic, the world of SPQR ("Senatus populusque Romanus), has always been for me a set of brightly colored slides, snapshots of highlighted moments in jumbled order: Spartacus' crucified army, Caesar stabbed in the Forum, Cleopatra dying on a barge in Atrium, Hannibal crossing the Alps, Cato and Cicero holding crowds spellbound orating about something or other, net and trident facing spear and shield in the gladiatorial circle. And of course, Caesar returning from long years in Gaul, on the bank of the Rubicon.This compulsively readable book put it all together in one seamless narrative, and replaced my slides with a breathtaking movie that has it all: epic battles, dynastic soap opera, noble patriotism, eyecatching eccentricity, treacherously shifting alliances, scheming and backstabbing and dazzling hypocrisy, with the survival of a great democracy always at stake and always at risk. Holland pumps an incredible quantity of information into your head, with each personage and event so naturally connected to its neighbor that you don't feel surfeited. As a result, every component has the benefit of a richly detailed context. What's best is the confidence with which Holland conveys the ethos of the Republic, which is surprisingly alien, yet has points of analogy with our own. Though plenty of plundering and graft goes on, only one major figure, Crassus, acts mainly out of pecuniary motives. Nevertheless, as our own capitalistic democracy's dynamism has been driven by the relentless competition for scarce monetary resources, the Roman republic derived its energy from a relentless competition for "glory", the scarce commodity of high reputation. The intensity, the near desperation, of that drive pushed the borders of Roman conquest outward, increasing the glory of the state and the welfare of its citizenry. But the competition was a centrifugal force, and as the state enlarged, that force ineluctably grew out of balance with the centripetal forces of community and tradition. Ultimately it would burst through the bounds set by the Roman constitution. The first chapter sets out the history of the first centuries of the Republic, from the overthrow of the king Tarquinius by the first Brutus, through the Carthaginian wars and the murders of the populist Gracchae. The focus grows finer, and the rest of the book deals with the first century B.C. By the time Julius Caesar takes center stage about halfway through, you understand just what is traditional and what is new and nervy about his progress through a sequence of elective offices. He spent years as a brilliant politician, assuming and leaving the severely term-limited highest office of consulship, before he ever set foot in the field as a military commander. Holland views almost all these characters with a dry, urbane humor, never accepting their own rosy conception of their motives. The only ones who come out looking admirable are the crotchety but forthright Cato, the conspirator Brutus, and (though only in his second persona, after he's completed his bloody destruction of the last remnants of democracy), Caesar Augustus. I'll be keeping this one around to re-read from time to time. The story alone is that engaging, besides which there's endless fodder for thought. What a pity we no longer learn about this stuff as schoolchildren.
Rating:
Summary: The Roman Republic Comes Alive
Review: This is a highly readable, well researched, very engaging study of the Roman Republic. The author possesses a remarkable ability to tell the history of the republic in both a learned and entertaining style. He goes beyond a description of events and facts to analyze the reasons events unfolded as they did and to present the personalities and motivations of the historical figures. I did wish occassionally that more background had been provided. For example, more description about the differences of the positions of consult, tribune, praetorship would have been helpful. I also wanted more background or description about events, motivations, etc. that led up to the civil war between Caesar and Pompey. However, overall the book is excellent. The inclusion of several maps and illustrations is a plus.
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Summary: End of the Roman Republic
Review: This is a well-writtn book that takes the reader through the intrigues of the last years of the Roman Republic. It's written in a breezy style that still gives the historical record excellent coverage. The political machinations and combinations that characterized that turbulent period in Rome's history are covered quite well, and the reader is never bogged down with extraneous detail. The story is told sparingly and without additional minutae, which makes for an easy and enjoyable read. You never feel lost in this book, and that's often important when reading about a period of time over 20 centuries ago. The author brings his people to life, and you feel as if you know them as contemporaries, not ancient folks. It's a book I highly recommend!
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Summary: How history should be written
Review: This is an extremely readable book and surprisingly relevant to our day and age. What makes this book readable is Tim Holland's beautiful use of the English language. His style is serious yet not pedantic. He blends the facts of history with an astute understanding of the characters that participated in its making. He blends a scholar's analytical attitude with a writers sense of drama. The fact is that he makes the hundred year or so period just before the end of the Roman republic become something real, something you could almost experience with all your senses. He refers to previous historians' comparisons to modern times but he applies a critical mind to them. Sometimes he agrees and other times cautions the reader not to infer too much. If all history books could be written this well we wouldn't be relearning the lessons of the past quite as often as we seem to. If you are interested in the history of Rome and the Roman Empire, read this book. If you are interested in how a culture influences its forms of government, read this book.
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Summary: superb
Review: This would be very high in my list of top ten books I have read in the last 20 years. Why? Because Tom Holland has brought the entire play of the fall of the Roman Republic to life. He portrays each of the main characters (and there are a lot of them) as real people, giving sound reasons as to who is friend and foe and why. Rather than telling the tale of each person as a separate story, all events are interwoven together. Typical of all politicians nobody is honest and nobody is entirely good either - though mostly they are all rich. Parallels abound between then and now, particularly with regards to big business and what drives government, though Mr Holland wisely never eludes to this and allows us to draw the conclusion. I was left wondering who was the real villian, the rest look just as bad as Caesar - and they all have their own agendas. All in all an excellent, eminently readable, un-put-downable book. Just a pity it isn't longer. I look forward to a sequel.
Rating: 
Summary: Readable, Entertaining Account of the Fall of a Republic
Review: Tom Holland helps makes the fall of the Republic an exciting read in Rubicon. He is helped tremondously by the likes of Cato, Caesar, Pompey, Sulla, Cicero, and Cleopatra, among many, many other fascinating secondary characters, but it is his highly readable style that moves the story forward in ways that will be understandable for anyone encountering ancient Roman history for the first time and refreshing for those who are returing to this period of history. This is true pop history in the best sense of that meaning. The history comes alive in ways that will ring true and unmistakable to any reader now (without ever belabouring the obvious comparisons between the fall of the Roman Republic and our current events. History is never dead.) A recommended glimpse into the chaos that became Rome as its ideals for its society were subjugated by a quest for personal glory as its empire and its consequent chances for wealth grew.
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Summary: The Die is Cast - and other Roman cliches
Review: What parallels might be drawn between the present-day United States and the Roman Republic before Julius Caesar took over? It's a fascinating question, and one that seems to be an inspiration to Tom Holland, as he mentions it in the introduction to Rubicon: The Last Years of the Roman Republic. Or, maybe it wasn't one, since this is the last time he mentions it. The reader is left to his/her own conclusions on this issue, but unfortunately the back cover draws attention to this aspect making you think that's what the book is going to be about. Instead, he gives us a history of the fall of the Republic, from the late 2nd century BC to the death of Caesar in 44 BC. Holland covers all the wars, civil unrest and the decline of senatorial power as he shows us the events leading to dictatorship. The history is dotted with colourful characters (from Caesar to Spartacus to Cleopatra and beyond) and Holland brings them all to life, often in their own words. In doing so, Holland has produced a very readable account, meticulously researched, that will make anybody with even a mild interest in this time period clamour for more. Holland begins (also in his introduction) by talking about the amount of information from this time period that we have access to, as it's one of the most recorded periods in ancient history. Yet even so, it's impossible to take everything written as fact, immune to different interpretations. Instead, it's a minefield where historians have to tread carefully. "In short, the reader should take it as a rule of thumb that many statements of fact in this book could plausibly be contradicted by an opposite interpretation." Pg xx (introduction) This is all well and good, and I'm glad that he warned us. While all history is subject to interpretation (or even outright lies, depending on what the sources are and how biased they are), the further back you go the worse it gets. However, one thing I wish Holland would have done is to acknowledge this within the text as well. It would have been interesting to see him discuss a couple of interpretations of conflicting events as he told us about them, something like: {XX happened, according to Plutarch, but other accounts say YY happened. It seems logical to assume, given the equipment involved, that a combination of XX and YY is what truly happened.} Instead, we get one narrative with a warning at the beginning that, we have to remember, this may not be the right one. Holland uses a wealth of primary sources as well as sources written within the next 100-200 years after the fall of the Republic. This brings the issues sharply into focus as we get a closer look at what these people had to deal with. However, part of this goes back to the issue of bias and interpretation. Some the sources (Cicero is the primary example, but there are others) are heavily involved with these events, thus making their stories slightly suspect (or at least biased). Yes, we have to keep in mind Holland's warning in the introduction, but it's easy to lose track of this as you read the narrative. That being said, the narrative Holland gives us is wonderful. He is very detailed, giving us somewhat of a history of each character as he introduces him/her. While this is not a history of Roman culture, but of government, he gives us enough information to get an idea of why these events were so monumental. We see the value Romans put in to their Republic and the fact that the people were able to vote on things (though of course it wasn't like our modern-day voting, where anybody can do it). With each step toward the abyss, we see the inevitability of what happened. The benefits of hindsight are wonderful, and perhaps that's where Holland's reference to current events should be placed. As we read about Marius and Sulla and other Romans who tried to enhance their own power at the expense of the Senate, are there any "characters" hanging around right now who are doing similar things? Another place Holland excels is in keeping the various names of Roman characters straight (Gaius This and Gaius That). I've always found confusing who's who in the Roman Empire, but Holland helps this immensely. Even so, at times I had to stop and think who he was talking about, but the clearness of the narrative makes it a lot easier to keep organized in my brain. This also applies to the sometimes confusing events. Barbarians to the North, uppity kings to the East, slave revolts and other major events all combine to bring down the once mighty empire and allow one man to rise to the top to save it (dispensing with that pesky "the people decide" aspect, however). Holland is a radio personality in Britain, and I think this gives him the ability to break down the events in ways that are easier to understand. The author's description mentions he has a PhD, but it doesn't say in what, so I have no idea if it's in history or not. Even so, he seems to have done his research and presented it in an easily readable, and more importantly, fascinating narrative. For an introduction into the Roman Republic (and especially for those of you who thought Roman history *began* with Julius Caesar), this is a great book. Do yourself a favour and pick it up. David Roy
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