Rats, Lice, and History

Rating:
Summary: Great 20th Century Classic
Review: This has got to be one of the great classics of the 20th Century. Composed by one of the dedicated scientists who was instrumental in coming up with a vaccine against typhus, Dr. Zinsser provides us with a "biography of typhus fever" and at the same time an unorthodox view of human civilization, convincingly demonstrating that rats and lice have been at least as important as humans in creating history and in the spread of religion.
First published in 1935 the book's science is obviously dated, but it is Zinsser's style and genius as well as his interpretations of the relations between epidemics and the history of civilization that is important. This is a history, as Zinsser says, of the "little fellow creatures, which lurk in the dark corners and stalk us in the bodies of rats, mice, and all kinds of domestic animals; which fly and crawl with the insects, and waylay us in our food and drink and even in our love."

Rating:
Summary: The most fun you can have reading about typhus!
Review: First let me say that after you read this book, you should then read Jared Diamond's Guns, Germs and Steel, which is its logical successor.

Second: this book was written in the 1930's. This is before much of what we know about modern antibiotics was discovered - but that's one of the reasons you should read it: a reminder of just how recent modern medicine is, and how much power disease still has over us. This book is a stark reminder of how much hygiene has done to lengthen our lifespan, too - improving water supplies and eliminating rats from most households has done as much or more to extend the human lifespan as all the antibiotics we've invented.

Zinsser's list of what historical battles would have ended completely differently had not epidemic disease swept through one or another army is also chilling reading. Much of what we think of as inevitable human superiority was actually the work of bacteria, who didn't really care about our affairs. But despite the gloomy topic, as my title says, this book is the most fun you can possibly have while reading about epidemics. His humor is dry and biting - the deadpan recital of damages here, of misguided so-called scientists there... the editorial review above gives a couple such examples. The entire book is a fascinating read.

Some of the writing assumes that all readers were educated under an aristocratic university system, so that there are bits thrown in in Latin and Greek, not to mention French and other modern languages. The book can be read despite those, however. It might be tough going for high school students or even university undergrads, but would be a terrific addition to a history research paper, worth the slog for anyone willing to try it. And for those who have medicine and/or biology as an amateur interest, this is must reading.

Rating:
Summary: Terrific window on past
Review: I'd read this maybe 30 years ago and thought it was great then (I was about 15, so it's readable for younger people). It has survived the test of time. Readers have to remember that this was one of the first books written by a scientist for a lay audience, and that such "slumming" by scientists was looked down on by colleagues (an attitude that survived well into the '60s).

Sure, there are much better histories of plague & disease around now & obviously with more up to date information. Zinsser's book, though, is great for it's historical value--a window on a period when writers could drop greek and french phrases untranslated into their books and assume readers would know (irritating, yes, but I still enjoyed it). It also stands on it's own for the information, though I'd also read something more current for that.

Rating:
Summary: nsight, Insight, Insight (with Apologies to "Location, .).."
Review: In an apparent effort to explain not ony typhus, but epidemic disease generally, to the educated lay reader, Zinsser has gone one better. By explaining the infection mechanism and the organism life cycle, he introduces cause and effect logic and scientific thought (if not scientific method) with an elegant case study. Here, in his simple case study, one can learn that (not so obvious) causes and (powerful) effects need not appear near one another in either space or time. Observing the systemic effects in the typhus life cycle offers insight into systems thinking that will well serve any engineer or business leader. Zinsser's brilliant presentation of the typhus life cycle as a cause and effect system with delays may be among the earliest, and most comprehensible, public examples of the modern systems engineering (or ecological) thought processes. The reflected glow of the "light bulb effect" from others' (then) new ideas readers seen through Zinsser's eyes illuminates the way good scientists, doctors, engineers, and business leaders (among others) understand our world so that they can safely institute improvements. If you would rather be part of the solution than part of the problem, this volume can help open your eyes. _Rats, Lice, and History_ should be required reading for CEOs, lawyers, politicians, and revolutionaries.

Rating:
Summary: One of the Best Biographies of the 20th Century
Review: The copy of "Rats, Lice, and History" that I own was published in 1963, and this was the 33rd time it had been reissued since first appearing in 1934. I can't imagine Dr. Zinsser's grumpily discursive, masterfully written, and ultimately profound biography of typhus fever ever going completely out of print. Stylistically the only work I can compare it to is Gibbon's "Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire". Where Gibbon occasionally dipped his pen in vinegar and excoriated the Christians, Zinsser dips his pen in hydrochloric acid and savages all of the quaint human customs that have kept Typhus alive and thriving. He shows much more affectionate sympathy for the louse than he does for the General or the Politician. Witness:

"The louse shares with us the misfortune of being prey to the typhus virus. If lice can dread, the nightmare of their lives is the fear of some day inhabiting an infected rat or human being. For the host may survive; but the ill-starred louse that sticks his haustellum through an infected skin, and imbibes the loathsome virus with his nourishment, is doomed beyond succor. In eight days he sickens, in ten days he is 'in extremis', on the eleventh or twelfth his tiny body turns red with blood extravasated from his bowel, and he gives up his little ghost."

In the interests of research, Zinsser carried pill boxes of lice under his socks for weeks at a time before taking "advantage of them for scientific purposes." He is not able to tear himself away from these little creatures and address the true subject of his biography, i.e. the typhus virus, until Chapter 12!

However, the journey to Chapter 12 is well worth taking because along the way, Zinsser wittily savages modern biographers, psychoanalysis, astronomers and physicists who "scamper back to God" (Biologists evidently are much less prone to being 'born again'), and of course, all of the wars that have given Typhus countless opportunities to murder lice and humans alike.

"Rats, Lice, and History" should be required reading for would-be writers for its style, would-be Generals for its lessons on how soldiers really die, and for anyone else who is interested in a passionate, eminently witty, one-of-a-kind history of medicine.

Rating:
Summary: Rats, Lice and History
Review: The copy of "Rats, Lice, and History" that I own was published in 1963, and this was the 33rd time it had been reissued since first appearing in 1934. I can't imagine Dr. Zinsser's grumpily discursive, masterfully written, and ultimately profound biography of typhus fever ever going completely out of print. Stylistically the only work I can compare it to is Gibbon's "Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire". Where Gibbon occasionally dipped his pen in vinegar and excoriated the Christians, Zinsser dips his pen in hydrochloric acid and savages all of the quaint human customs that have kept Typhus alive and thriving. He shows much more affectionate sympathy for the louse than he does for the General or the Politician. Witness:

"The louse shares with us the misfortune of being prey to the typhus virus. If lice can dread, the nightmare of their lives is the fear of some day inhabiting an infected rat or human being. For the host may survive; but the ill-starred louse that sticks his haustellum through an infected skin, and imbibes the loathsome virus with his nourishment, is doomed beyond succor. In eight days he sickens, in ten days he is 'in extremis', on the eleventh or twelfth his tiny body turns red with blood extravasated from his bowel, and he gives up his little ghost."

In the interests of research, Zinsser carried pill boxes of lice under his socks for weeks at a time before taking "advantage of them for scientific purposes." He is not able to tear himself away from these little creatures and address the true subject of his biography, i.e. the typhus virus, until Chapter 12!

However, the journey to Chapter 12 is well worth taking because along the way, Zinsser wittily savages modern biographers, psychoanalysis, astronomers and physicists who "scamper back to God" (Biologists evidently are much less prone to being 'born again'), and of course, all of the wars that have given Typhus countless opportunities to murder lice and humans alike.

"Rats, Lice, and History" should be required reading for would-be writers for its style, would-be Generals for its lessons on how soldiers really die, and for anyone else who is interested in a passionate, eminently witty, one-of-a-kind history of medicine.

Rating:
Summary: Slow to start, but a strong finish
Review: Written by a microbiologist in 1934, this book is not without its flaws, and certainly is not for everyone. I found it fascinating. Zinsser discusses a number of diseases in a rambling manner (when he finally gets started on topic of the book ...) but its primary focus is on typhus and its influence on military and social history.

The book was a little slow to start to be sure - the first third of the book seems to be a direct affront to a hitherto un-named colleage. But the sections on disease and epidemiology are quite good. Zinsser has a dry sense of humor, is a bit of a snob, and at times is down right haughty. But patience pays off in the end.

For those interested in the subject of disease and history, and with a low tolerance for Zinsser's writing style, I would recommend Gina Kolata, or better yet, Alfred Crosby or William McNeil.

Rating:
Summary: A lucid, accurate, and surprsingly funny look at plague.
Review: Zinsser's book is hysterical (as well as an extraordinarily scholarly, lucid and well-written) review of plagues through history. It is also extremely interesting from the standpoint of science, as Zinsser speculates on certain bacteria and epidemiologies IN 1934. Zinsser's probably politically-incorrect comments about how No Wonder There Is So Much Jew-Baiting - The Hebrew God was a Particularly Vicious and Vengeful Deity Who Went About Smiting Enemies of the Jews in the Hinder Regions, and the Jews Weren't Such Lilies In Their Dealings With Others Anyway (my paraphrase, mostly, the "they weren't such lilies" is a direct quote) was, well, really funny. Zinsser's whole irreverant and chatty tone about such a deadly topic makes this book such a good read. He's also delightfully snotty sometimes ("saprophyte" is identified by a footnote, the text of which reads: "if the reader does not know what this means, then that is too bad."). The whole first quarter of the book, in which he debates with a literary colleague his right to write a "biography" of a disease is wonderful - an argument over whether artists should write about science and whether scientists should profess to know enough about the humanities to write "literature." When he discusses some of Kepler's erroneous assumptions about spontaneous generation - in a long, serious historical account on the evolution of "origin of life" theories, he adds a comment in the footnotes that reads: "It is to Kepler's credit, however, that - although one of the most eminent physicists of all time - he never wrote a book on God and the Universe."I think there's be a lot more people in Science if Zinsser had written a major's intro bio text. Good heavens! What would he have had to say about DNA?? Oh, and the history of typhus (the main point of the book) is excellent, too. This has got to be one of the most delightful reads in microbiology.