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Rating: 
Summary: Answers: yes; satisfactory level of understanding: no
Review: I think 4 or 5 stars is really over-rating this book...In short, if you "are" a mathematician to any degree, and are more than just a layperson looking for some neat facts to through out during cocktail conversation, then skip this. There are some answers, yes; but you won't find any of the depth of understanding that, in my opinion, goes with enjoying mathematics. There were a number of times I was reading a chapter, lost track of what the point was, and looked at the top of the page for the chapter name for help. A number of times I found myself unable to get the chapters' contents to jive with their titles and intros. Overall, it felt like a mish-mosh of topics, questions, answers,... The part about "Turing's equations" was especially frustrating. Over and over they were described in the context of looking for understanding behind animals' stripes, spots, etc. First the equations seemed to provide some answers; later they were not proven to have a physical basis; later still biologists are said to have re-embraced them. But through all this, not ONE iota of description (never mind -- gasp -- an equation) of what Turing's equations are ! The one part of the book I *did* enjoy was the beginning third or so which, for me, added continuity to my previous disjointed understanding of how life could evolve from inorganic materials. And yes, he makes his point that "Genes are great, but there's math in there too!". But the point does *not* require that much argument; after a while, you're saying, "OK, OK, you've made your point. Can you focus on depth and continuity a bit more please." At 2/3-rds through the book, I skimmed the rest looking for something to make me want to continue reading it. I stopped reading it at that point.
Rating: 
Summary: Math Rules
Review: Is life regulated and given structure by genetics alone? Or do physical and chemical constraints have a significant bearing on an organism's morphology? Inspired by D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson's classic, On Growth and Form, mathematician Ian Stewart argues convincingly that, the current popular view of the primacy of the genome notwithstanding, the major phenotypical influences, including those of the genes themselves, are highly constrained by physics and chemistry, both as endogenous and exogenous processes. What's more, such processes are manifestations of underlying mathematical "rules". (Stewart is, of course, neither the first nor the last to champion the "life is math" viewpoint. Other strange bedfellows in this general tradition range from William Paley, the eighteenth century theologian who conceived a mechanical universe so finely crafted and tuned that there must be a (divine) "watchmaker", to Stephen Wolfram, whose recent vanity tome, A New Kind of Science, posits, at its core, cellular automata as life's computing mechanism.) Life's Other Secret is a beautifully written book that teaches about symmetry and symmetry breaking and oscillators and other important facets of evolution's geometry. It might seem odd that a mathematician takes on a subject more apparently appropriate to biology or zoology. And, indeed, life does often imitate art: In Collapse of Chaos, Stewart and Jack Cohen provide an example destructive professional encroachment: Two ice cream venders at the beach increasingly move in on each other's territory, so that, in the end, neither the bank accounts of the venders nor the gustatory desires of their customers are best served. Yet, in a more complete sense, the idea of bringing the weight of mathematics to bear on diverse disciplines is firmly in the tradition of "the unity of all knowledge". This concept (which Edward O. Wilson identifies as "consilience") held scholarly sway prior to the fairly recent "symmetry breaking" among the sciences: the ultra-specialization desired for engineering and for academic dissertations. A return to the renaissance approach is truly a breath of fresh air. Life's Other Secret is also a curiously non-technical book that should present few challenges to those with math anxiety. This is, in fact, a conscious part of Stewart's message. In the spirit of the late physicist Richard Feynman, Stewart promotes qualitative math (as opposed to the more common idea of quantitative math, which Life's Other Secret studiously avoids) not as "vague generalities", but as "features that are conceptually deeper than mere numbers." To me, one characteristic of good writing (both fiction and nonfiction) is that the reader is led to extrapolate and go off on personal tangents. Here are two possible directions for speculation. The positing of "rules-based evolution" raises the further question of whether these rules are artifactual emergences out of evolutionary dynamics, or whether they were set down by a Great Designer, ere the worlds began to be. And, secondly, how, specifically, do biological entities implement the math? That is, how do organisms "compute"? What are the "algorithms" of life? My only criticism is the lack of appendices where concepts such as spherical harmonics, field functions, and other technical matters could be discussed in more detail without tromping on the narrative. But this is, to me, a minor carp. In Life's Other Secret, Stewart is clearly a master expositor at the top of his form.
Rating: 
Summary: Mathematics, Patterns & Biology
Review: Life's Other Secret
The New Mathematics of the Living World
by Ian Stewart The secret that this book explains is that although we have come to believe that genes are the basis of all life they are only one part of it. Genes are the building blocks but there may be underlying mathematical principals that govern how the blocks are put together. When you consider that mathematics is the study of structure and pattern you can start to see how this relates to the biological world. Nature displays many example of patterns. But why? Are the organisms following some mathematical law? Take for example the spiral pattern in the seeds of a sun flower. This pattern, in fact, follows the Fibonacci sequence - one spiraling clockwise and the other counter clockwise. A Fibonacci sequence (named after the guy who discovered it), goes like this: 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144...
Each number is a sum of the previous two- 3 + 8 = 13. So, these spirals are quite beautiful, but why spirals? Why not concentric circles, or squares or random patterns? What biologists have found, is that, this pattern is the most efficient way of packing as many seeds as possible into the head of one sun flower. So how do you get from a sequence of numbers to a spiral? This involves the "golden number" or "golden angle" of 137.5 degrees and the ratio of one Fibonacci number to it's neighbour. This led me to wonder about spirals. Why are spirals important in Celtic art? Why do we see spirals when we hallucinate? (Just like in the cartoons when the mouse hits the cat on the head...).
The sun flower seed patterns is just one small example of the many topics covered in this fascinating and extensively illustrated book. There lots and lots of ideas to exercise your brain - why are leopard spots different from jaguar spots? How do fish and birds all turn at once? Do crowds of people make patterns? This book may stimulate your mind - open your mind to thinking about very interesting things - although at times it's frustrating, leaving you feeling that you missed something along the way.
Rating:
Summary: Answers: yes; satisfactory level of understanding: no
Review: Stewart begins his book by telling the reader: "I am going to try to convince you that as wonderful as genes are, they are not the whole answer to the question of life. More radically, I am also going to try to convince you that a full understanding of life depends upon mathematics." Basically, Stewart believes that scientists have overemphasized genetics and ignored (or at least under emphasized) the role of what I'll call large-scale or macro rules of physics and chemistry and the comparatively simple mathematics that describe them. For example, a molecular biologist might see a striped shell and wonder which genes caused them. Stewart would be more inclined to ask if there isn't some sort of chemical diffusion equation that leads to the stripes without them being specifically encoded in the genes. The point is that DNA may not need to encode much detail in many cases because the detail arises spontaneously out of macroscopic laws. Stewart has studied at the Santa Fe Institute in New Mexico. Other prominent scientists associated with the Institute are Murray Gell-Mann and Stuart Kauffman. Kauffman, in particular, has conducted studies regarding emergent properties of self-catalytic systems and you can see the influence of his thinking in much of Ian Stewart's book (see Stuart Kauffman's book "At home in the universe, the search for laws of self organization and complexity"). The book begins with discussions relating to the nature of life and musings about DNA and replication. It's interesting to see the line between life and non-life blur under Stewart's prose. Chapter three discusses the emergence of DNA, possible roles played by clay platelets, and the idea that DNA might be just a frozen accident - the molecule was picked because it evolved first and created an environment in which no others could get a start once DNA was established. Chapter four is called the oxygen menace. There is an interesting discussion of how prokaryotes might have evolved, created oxygen as a poisonous byproduct, oxygenated the atmosphere, and then evolved into eukaryotes to capitalize on a more efficient method of generating energy by burning fuel using oxygen in the new atmosphere. This chapter has some interesting stuff on how cells move using the cytoskeleton and microtubules. I also enjoyed the description of slime-mold colonies and how they illustrate the possible manner in which larger organisms evolved from cooperative colonies of less complex life forms. Chapter five is titled artificial life, but much of it deals strictly with the process of evolution among very un-artifical forms. There is a discussion about the famous finches on the Galapagos Islands and how they stimulated Darwin to understand how species evolve. There is also some interesting material on numerical taxonomy, evolutionary taxonomy, and cladism. Finally, the end of the chapter distills the discussion into general principles of evolution and how simple computer programs (artificial life) can illustrate many of the patterns we see in the real world among living species. The first five chapters are really just background information about the first life on our planet, the evolution of DNA, and general principles of evolution. Stewart's real thesis (and the real fun) begins in chapter 6 with flowers for Fibonacci. Ever wonder why the seeds in a sunflower spiral the way they do? Ever wonder why there are the numbers of petals you find in flowers? Chapter 6 has the surprisingly simple answer, and it doesn't require lots of information encoding in DNA sequences, either. Chapter 7 is a little more controversial than chapter 6. It attempts to show that patterns in living organisms might not be specifically encoded in DNA, but might result from gradient chemical reactions and diffusion in some species. In other words, DNA only needs to encode the production of the right chemicals at the right time and macroscopic rules using rather simple mathematics do the rest. Chapter 8 deals with speculation about sexual selection and how it relates to such things as the peacock's tail. In this chapter Stewart argues that in many instances the thing that is being selected is actually symmetry. Asymmetry can be a sign of a damaged or defective organism. The thing I enjoyed most from this chapter was the discussion about common hallucinations and how they might result from the way simple plane waves in the visual cortex map into our retina. Chapter 9 was my favorite. It describes hypothetical harmonic generators that work together in various relative relationships of phase and attenuation to produce the natural gaits of quadrupeds and even bipeds. Stewart has done original work in this area, and so this chapter has some of the most insight and technical backup. I've often wondered about this myself and contemplated the possibility that such natural harmonic generators might be somehow related to the tendency of our species to develop certain musical beats and to naturally move in rhythm with them. Of course you will want to read chapter ten, which shows how rather simple rules can lead to rather complex looking spider webs. And don't forget to read chapter 11 which discusses the complex interrelationships of reefs, along with some rather interesting information regarding Von Neumann's amazing insights. This isn't a book on mathematics - it's a book about how mathematics applies to biology. And it's mostly qualitative. There are no mathematical equations, for example. Overall, I think this is a first-rate book. It's well written, engaging, has a complete index, copious notes, good figures, and brilliant color plates that I especially appreciated. You don't have to agree with everything Stewart has to say, but I think you will find his arguments intriguing, thought provoking, and stimulating regardless. If you love life and mathematics, this book should be in your library. Duwayne Anderson, March 18, 2000
Rating:
Summary: DNA may not be the last word
Review: Stewart begins his book by telling the reader: "I am going to try to convince you that as wonderful as genes are, they are not the whole answer to the question of life. More radically, I am also going to try to convince you that a full understanding of life depends upon mathematics." Basically, Stewart believes that scientists have overemphasized genetics and ignored (or at least under emphasized) the role of what I'll call large-scale or macro rules of physics and chemistry and the comparatively simple mathematics that describe them. For example, a molecular biologist might see a striped shell and wonder which genes caused them. Stewart would be more inclined to ask if there isn't some sort of chemical diffusion equation that leads to the stripes without them being specifically encoded in the genes. The point is that DNA may not need to encode much detail in many cases because the detail arises spontaneously out of macroscopic laws. Stewart has studied at the Santa Fe Institute in New Mexico. Other prominent scientists associated with the Institute are Murray Gell-Mann and Stuart Kauffman. Kauffman, in particular, has conducted studies regarding emergent properties of self-catalytic systems and you can see the influence of his thinking in much of Ian Stewart's book (see Stuart Kauffman's book "At home in the universe, the search for laws of self organization and complexity"). The book begins with discussions relating to the nature of life and musings about DNA and replication. It's interesting to see the line between life and non-life blur under Stewart's prose. Chapter three discusses the emergence of DNA, possible roles played by clay platelets, and the idea that DNA might be just a frozen accident - the molecule was picked because it evolved first and created an environment in which no others could get a start once DNA was established. Chapter four is called the oxygen menace. There is an interesting discussion of how prokaryotes might have evolved, created oxygen as a poisonous byproduct, oxygenated the atmosphere, and then evolved into eukaryotes to capitalize on a more efficient method of generating energy by burning fuel using oxygen in the new atmosphere. This chapter has some interesting stuff on how cells move using the cytoskeleton and microtubules. I also enjoyed the description of slime-mold colonies and how they illustrate the possible manner in which larger organisms evolved from cooperative colonies of less complex life forms. Chapter five is titled artificial life, but much of it deals strictly with the process of evolution among very un-artifical forms. There is a discussion about the famous finches on the Galapagos Islands and how they stimulated Darwin to understand how species evolve. There is also some interesting material on numerical taxonomy, evolutionary taxonomy, and cladism. Finally, the end of the chapter distills the discussion into general principles of evolution and how simple computer programs (artificial life) can illustrate many of the patterns we see in the real world among living species. The first five chapters are really just background information about the first life on our planet, the evolution of DNA, and general principles of evolution. Stewart's real thesis (and the real fun) begins in chapter 6 with flowers for Fibonacci. Ever wonder why the seeds in a sunflower spiral the way they do? Ever wonder why there are the numbers of petals you find in flowers? Chapter 6 has the surprisingly simple answer, and it doesn't require lots of information encoding in DNA sequences, either. Chapter 7 is a little more controversial than chapter 6. It attempts to show that patterns in living organisms might not be specifically encoded in DNA, but might result from gradient chemical reactions and diffusion in some species. In other words, DNA only needs to encode the production of the right chemicals at the right time and macroscopic rules using rather simple mathematics do the rest. Chapter 8 deals with speculation about sexual selection and how it relates to such things as the peacock's tail. In this chapter Stewart argues that in many instances the thing that is being selected is actually symmetry. Asymmetry can be a sign of a damaged or defective organism. The thing I enjoyed most from this chapter was the discussion about common hallucinations and how they might result from the way simple plane waves in the visual cortex map into our retina. Chapter 9 was my favorite. It describes hypothetical harmonic generators that work together in various relative relationships of phase and attenuation to produce the natural gaits of quadrupeds and even bipeds. Stewart has done original work in this area, and so this chapter has some of the most insight and technical backup. I've often wondered about this myself and contemplated the possibility that such natural harmonic generators might be somehow related to the tendency of our species to develop certain musical beats and to naturally move in rhythm with them. Of course you will want to read chapter ten, which shows how rather simple rules can lead to rather complex looking spider webs. And don't forget to read chapter 11 which discusses the complex interrelationships of reefs, along with some rather interesting information regarding Von Neumann's amazing insights. This isn't a book on mathematics - it's a book about how mathematics applies to biology. And it's mostly qualitative. There are no mathematical equations, for example. Overall, I think this is a first-rate book. It's well written, engaging, has a complete index, copious notes, good figures, and brilliant color plates that I especially appreciated. You don't have to agree with everything Stewart has to say, but I think you will find his arguments intriguing, thought provoking, and stimulating regardless. If you love life and mathematics, this book should be in your library. Duwayne Anderson, March 18, 2000
Rating:
Summary: Lots of interesting ideas about how Life works
Review: This book is about biomathemetics for those of us who didn't know we were interested in biomathematics. Stewart teases us into the subject by exploring different contexts for the question of "What is Life?". This leads to explorations into how life is shaped by the properties of physical laws. The book focuses on abstractions. Stewart talks about ideas, but chooses not to go into much detail. Many of the illustrations have no explanations, and some have errors. The ideas are all clearly related, but they are never really tied together in the book. I think this was intentional. I think Stewart is hoping that the theme of the book will emerge from the ideas. If he had tried to state the theme as a conclusion that tied the ideas all together, the theme would belong to the author. He wants the theme to belong to the reader, and so he let's us come to our own conclusions. This leaves you with an unfinished feeling, but there are lots of good references (I especially like his annotated further reading section). I feel wiser for having read this book. The most confusing part of the book comes from using the name "math" to describe the language of numbers and as a notation for describing symmetries in the physical universe.
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